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References:

1. Lowry, Thomas M.D., 1982. Psychosexual aspects of the volatile nitrites. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 14(2):77-79.
Risk Factor for Unsafe Sex
2. Colfax, G.N. et al., 2004. Substance use during sex is associated with high-risk behavior: an episode-specific analysis,controlling for participant and sex partner characteristics. XV International AIDS Conference,Bangkok,Thailand, Conference Abstract WePeC6103.
3. Purcell,David et al., 2001. Substance use and sexual transmission risk behavior of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Journal of Substance Abuse 13:185-200.
4. Mattison,A.M. et al., 2001. Circuit party attendance, club drug use, and unsafe sex in gay men. Journal of Substance Abuse 13:119-126.
5. Colfax, G.N. et al., 2001.Drug use and sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men who attend circuit parties: a venue-bas ed comparison. Journal of AIDS 28:373-379.
6. Woody, G.E. et al., 1999. Non-injection substance use correlates with risky sex among men having sex with men: data from HIVNET. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 53:197-205.
7. Eckstrand, M. et al., 1999. Gay men report high rates of unprotected anal sex with partners of unknown or discordant HIV status. AIDS 13(12):1525-1533.
8. Strathdee S. et al., 1998. Determinants of sexual risk-taking among young hiv-negative gay and bisexual men.Journal of AIDS 19:61-66.
9. Barrett. Donald et al., 1998. Redefining gay male anal intercourse behaviors: implications for hiv prevention and research. The Journal of Sex Research 35(4): 381-389.
10. Kippax, Susan et al., 1998. Cultures of sexual adventurism as markers of hiv seroconversion: a case control study in a cohort of Syndey gay men. AIDS CARE 10(6):677-688.
11. Tabet, Stephen et al., 1998. Incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases(st d)in an cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men(msm).AIDS 12(15):2041-2048.
12. Ruiz, Juan et al., 1998. Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection and unprotected anal intercourse among young men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 25(2): 100-107.
13. Robins, Anthony, et al., 1997. Do homosexual and bisexual men who place others at risk for hiv have unique psychological profiles? AIDS Education and Prevention 9: 239-251.
14.Kalichman, Seth et al., 1997. Continued high-risk sex among hiv seropositive gay and
bisexual men seeking HIV prevention services. Health Psychology 16(4) 369-373.
15. Myers, T. et al., 1996. Sexual risk and hiv-testing behavior by gay and bisexual men in
Canada. AIDS CARE 8(3): 297-309.
16. Seage J. et al. 1996. Predictors of consistent unprotected anal intercou rse (UAI) in Boston young men's study. Poster We.C 560 at the 11th Int'l AIDS Conference in Vancouver.
17. Webster, D. et al., 1997. An epidemiologic survey of hiv risk behaviors among msm in a resort area: the South Beach health survey, Miami, Florida. Oral Report. Northwest Regional Workshop on HIV Prevention Approaches for Alcohol and Drug Use Among Men who have Sex with Men. Seattle, September, l997.
18. Ostrow, David et al., 1995. A case control study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion and risk-related behaviors in the Chicago MACS/CCS Cohort, 1984-1992. American Journal of Epidemiology 142(8): 875-883.
19. Ostrow, David et al., 1994. Recreational drugs and sexual behavior in the Chicago MACS/CCS Cohort of homosexually active men. Journal of Substance Abuse 4:311-325.
20. Paul, Jay et al.,1994. Correlates of sexual risk-taking among gay male substance abusers. Addiction, 89:971-983.
21. Lemp, George et al., 1994. Seroprevalence of HIV and r isk behavior among young homosexuals and bisexual men. Journal of the American Medical Association 272(6): 449-454.
22. deWit, John et al., 1994. Time from safer to unsafe sexual behavior among homosexuals and bisexual men. AIDS 8)1): 123-126.
23. Hogg, Robert et al., 1993. Sociodemographic correlates for risk-taking behaviors among hiv seronegative homosexual men. Canadian Journal of Public Health Dec:423-426.
24. Valleroy, Linda et al., 1993. Predictors of lapse to unprotected receptive anal intercourse in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men in the USA. Poster. 9th Int'l AIDS Conference in Berlin.
25. Calzavarra, Linda et al., 1993. Ongoing high-risk sexual behaviors in relation to recreational drug use in sexual encounters, analysis of 5 years data from the Toronto Sexual Contact Study. Annals of Epidemiology 3(3): 272-280.
26. Davidson, S. et al., 1992.Substance Use and sexual behavior among homosexual men at high risk for hiv infec tion: Psychosocial moderators. Psychology and Health 7: 259-272.
27. Fisher Dennis et al., 1992. Substance use and perceived AIDS exposure among homosexual men in Alaska. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 9(3) 168-174.
28. Ostrow, David et al., 1990. Recreational drug use and sexual behavior change in a cohort of homosexual men. AIDS 4(8): 759-764.
29. Martin, John et al., 1990. Drug use and unprotected anal intercourse. Health Psychology 9(4): 450-465.
30. Seigel Karen et al., 1989. Factors distinguishing homosexuals males practicing risky and safer sex. Soc.Sci.Med. 28(6):561-569.
31. Stall Ron et al., 1986. Alcohol and drug use during sexual activity and compliance with safe sex guidelines for AIDS: The AIDS Behavioral Research Project. Health Education Quarterly 13(4): 359-371.

Prevalence of Use
32. Woody, George et al., 1999. Non-injection substance use correlates with risky sex among men having sex with men: data from HIVNET. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 53: 197-205.
33. Whittington, W. et al., 1999. Sleepless in Seattle: risk behaviors and bacterial stds among hiv positive and hiv negative men who have sex with men. Reported on www.thebody.com/cdc/std/gay_std.html
34. Stall, Ron et al., 2001. Alcohol use, drug use and alcohol-related problems among men who have sex with men: the Urban Men's Health Study. Addiction 96: 1589-1601.
35. Baker, Cornelius et al. 2002. Oral sex, drugs significant in spread of stds among gay men. Survey results conducted of more than 3,500 white men who have sex with men in D.C. reported on www.gayhealth.com
36. Koblin, Beryl et al., 2003. High-risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in 6 US cities:Baseline data from the EXPLORE Study. American Journal of Public Health 93(6): 926-932.
37. Ackers, M. et al., 2004. High hiv incidence among men who have sex with men participating in an hiv vaccine efficacy trial, United States, 1998-2002. Abstract/poster 857 at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco.
38. Colfax, Grant et al., 2004. Longitudinal patterns of club-drug use among a cohort of high-risk men who have sex with men(msm):the EXPLORE Study. Abstract #WePeC6105 at the XV Int'l AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.

Risk Factor for Immune Suppression
39. Soderberg Lee et al., 2004. Production of macrophages IL-1beta was inhibited both at the levels of transcription and maturation capase-1 following inhalation exposure to isobutyl nitrite.Toxicology Letters 152(1): 47-56.
40. Ponnappan et al.,2004. Inhaled isobutyl nitrite inhibited macrophage inducible nitric oxide by blocking NKKappaB signaling and promoting degradation of inducible nitric oxide synthase-2. Int'l Immunopharmacology August: 1075-1082.
41. Ponnappan et al., 2001. Inflamatory Macrophage Nuclear Factor-kb and proteasome activity are inhibited following exposure to inhaled isobutyl nitrite. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 69: 639-644.
42. Kielbasa W. et al.,2000. Nitrite inhalation in rats elevates tissue NOS111 expression and alters tyronsine nitration and phosphorylation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 275: 335-342.
43. Guo, G.L. et al., 2000. Acute exposure to abused inhalant, isobutyl nitrite reduces resistance to a respiratory infection. Toxicology Letters 116: 151-158.
44. Soderberg, Lee, 1999. Increased tumor growth in mice exposed to inhaled isobutyl nitrite.Toxicology Letters 104: 35-41.
45. Schafer, R., et al., 1999. Pulmonary exposure to isobutyl nitrite reduces resistance to a respiratory infection. Poster at The 10th Int'l Conference of Mucosal Immunology.
46. Soderberg, Lee, 1998. Immunomodulation by nitrite inhalants may predispose abusers to aids and Kaposi's sarcoma. Journal of Neuroimmunology 83: 157-161.
47. Soderberg, Lee, l998. Tumor growth in vivo is enhanced following exposure to the abused inhalant, isobutyl nitrite. Presentation at Sixth Annual Symposium on Drugs of Abuse, Immunomodulation and AIDS. Scottsdale, AZ.
48. Soderberg, Lee et al., 1996. Elevated TNF-and inducible nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophages after exposure to a nitrite inhalant. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 60: 459-464.
49. Soderberg, Lee et al., 1996. Inhaled isobutyl nitrite produced lung inflammation with increased macrophage TNF-and nitric oxide production. AIDS ,Drugs of Abuse, and the Neuroimmune Axis Ed. Friedman et al. Plenum Press, New York: 187-189.
50. Soderberg, Lee et al., 1996. Leukopenia and altered hematopoietic activity in mice exposed to the abused inhalant, isobutyl nitrite. Experimental Hematology 24: 848-853.
51. Soderberg, Lee et al.,1996. Acute inhalation exposure to isobutyl nitrite causes nonspecific blood cell destruction. Experimental Hematology 24: 592-596.
52. Soderberg, Lee et al., Inhalati on exposure to isobutyl nitrite inhibits macrophage tumoricidal activity and modulates inducible nitric oxide. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 57: 135-140.
53. Soderberg, Lee, 1995.Acute Exposure to Inhaled Isobutyl Nitrite Causes Massive Destruction of Peripheral Blood Cells. Poster #20. Scottsdale, Arizona.
54. Soderberg Lee, 1994. T cell functions are impaired by inhaled isobutyl nitrite through a t-independent mechanism. Toxicology Letters 70: 319-329.
55. Soderberg, Lee et al., 1993. Immunotoxicity of Nitrite Inhalants,Advances in the Biosciences 86: Pergamon Press Ltd.: 645-651.
56. Soderberg, Lee et al., 1993. Exposure to the abused inhalant, isobutyl nitrite, compromise both antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Drugs of Abuse, Immunity, and AIDS, edited by H. Friedman et al., Plenum Press, New York: 265-268.
57. Mirvish, Sidney et al., 1993. Mutagenicity of iso-butyl nitrite vapor in the Ames Test and some relevant chemical properties, inc luding the reaction of iso-butyl nitrite with phosphate.Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 21: 247-252.
58. Soderberg, Lee et al., Inhaled isobutyl nitrite compromises t-dependent, but not t-independment, antibody induction.International Journal of Immopharmacology 15: 821-827.
59. Gaworkski, C.L. et al., 1992.Prechronic inhalation toxicity studies of isobutyl nitrite. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 19: 169-175.
60. Soderberg, Lee et al., 1991.Inhaled isobutyl nitrite impairs T Cell Reactivity. Immunity and Immunodeficiency , Plenum Press, New York: 265-268.
61. Soderberg Lee et al., 1991. Exposure to inhaled isobutyl nitrite reduces t cell blastogenesis and antibody and responsiveness. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 17: 821-824.
62. Dunkel, V. et al., 1989. Mutagenicity of some alkyl nitrites used as recreational drugs.Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 14: 115-122.

63. Dax, E. et al., 1989. Allergic reactions t o amyl nitrite inhalation. American Journal of Medicine 86(6Pt1):732.

64. Lewis,Daniel et al., 1988. Toxicity of Inhaled Isobutyl Nitrite in BALB/c Mice: Systemic and immunotoxic studies. Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants 83: 50-57.

65. Orates, Jessie et al., 1988. Altered T-cell helper/suppressor ratio in mice chronically exposed to amyl nitrite. Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants, NIDA Research Monograph Series #83: 59-74 .

66. Mirvish Sidney et al., 1988. Indications from animal and chemical experiments of a carcinogenic role for isobutyl nitrite. NIDA Monograph Series #83 Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants: 39-49.

67. Lycka, B. et al., 1987. Amyl and butyl nitrites and telangiectasia in homosexual men. Annals of Internal Medicine 106(3): 476.

68. Kahled M. et al., l986. Inactivation of B12 and Folate Coenzymes by butyl nitrite as observed by NMR: Implications on One-carbona transfer mechanism. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communi cations 135(1): 201-207.

69. Gangadharam, P. 1985. Immunosuppressive action of isobutyl nitrite presented at the International congress on Immunopharmacology in Florence, Italy. Abstract.

70. Lotzova, Eva et al., 1984. Depression of murine natural killer cell cytotoxicity by isobutyl nitrite. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy 17: 130-134.

71. Hersh, Evan et al., 1983. Effect of the recreational agent isobutyl nitrite on human peripheral blood leukocytes and on in vitro interferon production. Cancer Research 43:1365-1371.

72. Lynch, Dennis et al., 1985. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of isobutyl nitrite in BALC/c Mice 1. systemic toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 15: 823-833.

73. Watson, Sue 1982. The use of amyl nitrite may be linked to current epidemic of immunodeficiency syndrome. Unpublished submission to Journal of the American Medical Association.
HIV Seroconversion
74. Buchbinder, Susan et al., 2004 . Sexual risk, drug use and lack of circumcision associated with HIV seroconversion in men who have sex with men in the United States. In Press.

75. Buchbinder, Susan et al., 1988. Risk factors for HIV seroconversion in a contemporary cohort of high-risk msm. Poster. International AIDS Conference in Geneva, Switzerland.

76. Ruiz, Juan et al., 1998. Risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and unprotected anal intercourse among young men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 25(2): 100-107.

77. Chesney, Margaret et al., 1998. Histories of substance use and risk behavior: precursors to hiv seroconversion in homosexual men. American Journal of Public Health 88(1) 113-116.

78. McFarland, W. et al., 1997. Estimation of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) seroincidence among repeat anonymous testers in San Francisco. American Journal of Epidemiology 146(8): 662-664.

79. Ostrow, David et al., 1995. A case-control study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Seroconversion and risk-related behaviors in the Chicago MACS/CCS Cohort, 1984-1992. American Journal of Epidemiology 142(8):875-883.

80. Seage, George et al., 1992. The relation between nitrite inhalants, unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. American Journal of Epidemiology 135(1):1-11.

81. Messiah,Antoine et al., 1993. Factors correlated with homosexually acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in the era of "safer sex". Sexually Transmitted Diseases Jan-Feb: 51-58.

82. Penkower, Lili et al., 1991. Behavioral, health and psychological factors and risk for hiv infection among sexually active homosexual men. American Journal of Public Health 81(2): 194-196.


83. Burcham, Joyce et al., 1989. Incidence and risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus seroconversion in a cohort of Sydney homosexual men. Medical Journal of Austr alia 150: 634-639.

84. vanGriensven et al., 1987. Risk factors and prevalence of HIV antibodies in homosexual men in the Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 125(6): 1048-1057.
Risk Factor for Kaposi's Associated Herpes Virus Transmission
85. Casper, Corey et al., 2002. Correlates of prevalent and incident Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in men who have sex with men. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 185:000-000.

86. Martin, Jeff et al., 2001. Evaluation of specific sexual practices as routes of kshv transmission among homosexual men. Oral Presentation/Abstract at The Fourth Int'l Workshop on KSHV and Related Agents, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz. Aug. 4-8.

87. Pauk, John, et al., 2000. Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men. The New England Journal of Medicine 343:1369-1377.

88. Martin, J. et al., 2000. Salivary shedding of KSHV among homosexual men. Abstract. 3rd International KSHV W orkshop at University of Massachusetts at Amherst: July 6-10.

89. Pauk, J. et al., 1999. Risk factors for human herpes virus-8 seroprevalence in a cohort of HIV seronegative MSM. Abstract 197 at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections: Jan 31-Feb 4 .

Cofactor for Kaposi's Sarcoma
90. Mathur-Wagh U. et al., 1985. Follow-up at 41/2 years on homosexual men with generalized lymphadenopathy. New England Journal of Medicine 313: 1542-1543.
91. Mathur-Wagh U. et al., 1984. Longitudinal study of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy in homosexual men: relation to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1: 1033-1038.
92. Haverkos, Harry et al., 1985. Disease manifestation among homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a possible role of nitrites in Kaposi's sarcoma. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 12:203-208.
93. Osmond, Dennis et al., 1985. A case-control study of risk factors for AIDS in San Francisco. In: International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS), Atlanta, Georgia.
94. Archibald, C.P. et al., 1990. Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in the Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS study. Journal of AIDS 3(Suppl.1): S18-S23.
95. Archibald, C.P. et al., 1992. Evidence for a sexually transmitted cofactor for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual men. Epidemiology 3: 201-209.
96. Armenian, H.K. et al., 1993. Composite risk score for Kaposi's sarcoma based on a case-control and longitudinal study in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study(MACS) population. American Journal of Epidemiology138: 256-265.
Promotion of Angiogenesis
97. Tran, D. et al., 2003. Inhalant nitrite exposure alters mouse hepatic angiogenic gene expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 310: 439-445.

 

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